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A creative economy is based on people’s use of their creative imagination to increase an idea’s value. John Howkins developed the concept in 2001 to describe economic systems where value is based on novel imaginative qualities rather than the traditional resources of land, labour and capital.:〔John Howkins (2001; 2nd Edition, 2013), The Creative Economy, Chap 1.〕 Compared to creative industries, which are limited to specific sectors, the term is used to describe creativity throughout a whole economy. Some observers take the view that creativity is the defining characteristic of developed 21st century economies, just as manufacturing typified 19th and early 20th centuries.〔OCED 2014 Forum ().〕 == Definitions of a creative economy == Definitions of a modern creative economy continue to evolve.〔John Howkins, ‘Creative Ecologies’, 2009, Chap 2.〕 When John Howkins popularized the term “creative economy” in 2001, he applied the term to the arts, cultural goods and services, toys and games, and research and development. The most common models of the creative economy share many elements. Howkins’ creativity-based model includes all kinds of creativity, whether expressed in art or innovation.〔John Howkins, 2013, op cit., Chap 1.〕 The narrower culture-based models concentrate on arts, design and media and are normally restricted to nominated industries.〔DCMS Mapping Document, 2nd edition, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/creative-industries-mapping-documents-2001.〕 The term increasingly refers to all economic activity that depends on a person’s individual creativity for its economic value whether the result has a cultural element or not. In this usage, the creative economy occurs wherever individual creativity is the main source of value and the main cause of a transaction. There are several ways to measure a creative economy. It is possible to use the same indicators as in other economies, such as producer outputs, consumer expenditure, employment and trade. Businesses also use valuation, value chains, price and transactional data. There are additional indicators of intellectual property. However, measuring intangibles such as ideas, design, brands and style presents a challenge.〔Robert S Kaplan and David Norton, ‘Strategy Maps: Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes’, 2004; and International Accounting Standards, ‘IAS 38: Intangible Assets’, revised 12 May 2014.〕 Furthermore, the nature of work is different, with a high proportion of part-time workers and with many transactions being non-financial. Governments have been slow to adjust their national statistics to capture the new forms of creative occupations, productions and transactions. As a result, national data on employment, GDP and trade is often unreliable. America and the UK are in the process of adjusting their national statistics to measure their creative economies more accurately.〔US Department of Commerce, ‘Preview of 2013 Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Producer Accounts, March 2013; and Howkins, 2013, page 153.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Creative economy (economic system)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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